fix(browser): remove deprecated --disable-blink-features=AutomationControlled flag

- Removes OpenClaw's default `--disable-blink-features=AutomationControlled` Chrome launch switch to avoid unsupported-flag warnings in newer Chrome (#35721).
- Preserves compatibility for older Chrome via `browser.extraArgs` override behavior (source analysis: #35770, #35728, #35727, #35885).
- Synthesis attribution: thanks @Sid-Qin, @kevinWangSheng, @ningding97, @Naylenv, @clawbie.

Source PR refs: #35734, #35770, #35728, #35727, #35885

Co-authored-by: Sid-Qin <Sid-Qin@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: kevinWangSheng <kevinWangSheng@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: ningding97 <ningding97@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Naylenv <Naylenv@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: clawbie <clawbie@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Takhoffman <Takhoffman@users.noreply.github.com>

src/browser/chrome.ts

@@ -266,9 +266,6 @@ export async function launchOpenClawChrome(
       args.push("--disable-dev-shm-usage");
     }
 
-    // Stealth: hide navigator.webdriver from automation detection (#80)
-    args.push("--disable-blink-features=AutomationControlled");
-
     // Append user-configured extra arguments (e.g., stealth flags, window size)
     if (resolved.extraArgs.length > 0) {
       args.push(...resolved.extraArgs);